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A new application guide entitled Liquid Analysis for Metals Extraction and Processing is available from our sponsor Emerson Process Management. The guide outlines liquid analytical solutions for leaching and ore extraction, concentration and separation, finished product purification and waste disposal as well as approaches to network management for metals processing plants. The new guide literally walks the user through the major extraction and processing methodologies and techniques such as cyanide extraction, flotation, phase difference, steel treatment and much more.
Control Global have an excellent Process
Analyser Systems page which provide an excellent Guide to several Process
Analyzer Technology (PAT) System reference articles.
- Process Analyzer Resources
- When is it Time to Retire your PAT System?
- PAT System Reliability
- Process Analyzer System Safety and Ergonomics Part II
- Process Analyzer System Safety and Ergonomics Part I
- More About Cost Estimating Process Analyzer Projects
- Accurately Scoping Process Analyzer Projects
- How to Launch an Analyzer System Lifecycle Reliability Program
BTX and Total Aromatics by UV Absorbance - Manufacturers are required to verify that household solvents do not contain aromatics above the hazardous carcinogenic levels. Hydrogenation processes in which an aromatic compound reacts with hydrogen over a metal catalyst are commonly used to purify solvents of trace amounts of aromatics. To maximize product yield, several parameters are optimized based on instantaneous indication of the total aromatics, a measurement that is also essential for verification of product purity - from Applied Analytics Inc.
Ensuring
an Accurate Result in an Analytical Instrumentation System - Doug
Nordstrom and Tony Waters - In many analytical instrumentation systems, the
analyser does not provide an absolute measurement. Rather, it provides a
relative response based on settings established during calibration, which is a
critical process subject to significant error. To calibrate an analyser, a
calibration fluid of known contents and quantities is passed through the
analyser, producing measurements of component concentration. If these
measurements are not consistent with the known quantities in the calibration
fluid, the analyser is adjusted accordingly. Later, when process samples are
analysed, the accuracy of the analyser’s reading will depend on the accuracy
of the calibration process. It is therefore, imperative, that we understand how
error or contamination can be introduced through calibration; when calibration
can — and cannot — address a perceived performance issue with the analyser;
how atmospheric pressure or temperature fluctuations can undo the work of
calibration; and when and when not to calibrate - thanks to Swagelok and www.pacetoday.com.au
Thanks to Matheson
Tri-Gas for the following
Calibration
Standard Gases Are Key to Reliable Measurements
-Ronald C Geib
Gas
Data Book
Effects
of Toxic Exposure to Gases
Safe
Handling of Compressed Gases
Conversion
Tables
Materials
Compatibility Guide
Threshold
Limit Values
Lower
and Upper Explosive Limits
Glossary
of Terms
Specialty
Gases and Equipment
Semiconductor Gases and Equipment
Purification
Microcontamination
and Live Gas Testing
Trace
Analysis
4.11
LPG,
LNG and Other Liquid Hydrocarbon Standard Mixtures - Sometimes getting a
standard sample can be hard this may be the answer - NPL can produce LPG
(liquefied petroleum gas), LNG (liquefied natural gas) and other liquid
hydrocarbon standards in two forms of vessel technology: constant pressure
(piston) cylinders or dual-port valve dip-tube cylinders.
HOKE Gyrolok® Chromatography Fittings - HOKE Gyrolok® tube fittings for use in gas or liquid chromatography applications and feature low dead volumes, male nut designs, as well as configurations utilising either press-fit or drop-in frits
The following papers are from - from Emerson Process Management.
10.11 Optimizing
the Operation of Legacy Online Gas Chromatographs by Retrofitting Controllers
- Gas chromatographs (GCs) are frequently used in pipelines for custody transfer
measurement of the energy content in natural gas. Accuracy is determined by
calibration-gas quality and how well the technician is able to diagnose and
troubleshoot the operation of the GC over long periods of time. A general trend
in industry away from specialization has made it difficult for technicians to
reach a high competency level in any one area. Chromatography is a difficult
field to master on a part-time basis. Advanced software tools are available to
assist and train the technician in how to look beyond the basic functions and
fully optimize GC operations. Training is enhanced and accuracy can be improved
substantially on legacy-model gas chromatographs. Properly utilized, the
potential exists to improve accuracy and extend equipment life.
10.11 Energy
Measurement using Ultrasonic Flow Measurement and Chromatography - Gas
volume and energy metering stations using gas chromatography and ultrasonic
metering are becoming a mainstream field operation and a new challenge to
metering personnel. They are easy to adapt to while adding a new dimension of
value to the field professional. Technicians will invariably be the link to the
success of any changing technology that would survive and thrive in the real
pipeline environment. Meter stations must be maintainable and provable. The
system and requirements will be examined from that perspective
10.11 BTU
Analysis Using a Gas Chromatograph - This paper describes the basics of how
a BTU analyzer works. In a typical natural gas application the gas is separated
into eleven different components. Hexanes and heavier components such as heptane,
octane, and nonane are combined together to form a single peak known as C6+.
Because we separate up to these components, we call this a C6+ application.
10.11Enhanced
Performance of an Integrated Gas Chromatograph for Online Gas Analysis - The
physical properties of the gas, the composition of the gas during upset, and the
operation of the gas in hazardous locations can affect the analytical method
development and the hardware design. The gas chromatograph must be compatible
with the physical properties (e.g., the physical state) of the sample. The
sample must be introduced to the gas chromatograph as a single phase. Since
on-line gas chromatographs are installed at the pipeline to analyse sample
continuously, the system must be designed for fast analyses and low maintenance.
50 years: Online Gas Chromatograph - Stephen M Bostic & Dr Jerry M Clemons - The most prolific and flexible online analytical measurement device for analysing discrete hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) is the process gas chromatograph (GC). It is estimated that there are more than 30,000 process gas chromatographs installed worldwide- This article takes a look at the past, present and a glimpse of the future of the online process gas chromatograph. Thanks to ABB and PACE.
1.12 The following papers
are from Daniel
Analysis
of Pipeline-Quality Gas using a C9: Application (Five-Minute Analysis) -
On-line chromatographs provide custody-transfer measurement of energy content in
natural gas. To determine this heating value component, first we must determine
component concentrations. In a standard C6+ application, this analysis is
performed using two valves in a single oven (12-minute analysis time) or three
valves in a single oven (four-minute analysis time). To perform this analysis to
C9+, five valves are used in two different ovens (five-minute analysis time).
The results from both detectors are combined in post-analysis calculations and
reported together.
Analysis
of Pipeline-Quality Gas using a C6+ with Trace H2S Application -Hydrogen
sulfide (H2S) is a component that is often present in natural gas. There are
many reasons for wanting to measure it. One of the most important reasons is
that H2S is a highly toxic gas that can be deadly if breathed into the lungs.
This gas is also corrosive to the pipeline. H2S mixed with H2O forms
hydrosulfuric acid, which can cause pipeline metals to become brittle.
Contractual obligation may require scrubbing or limiting of the H2S in natural
gas before it is sold. Each pipeline company has its own acceptable limits of
how much H2S can be present.
1.12 The Following are
from Emerson Process Management
Choice
of Gas Chromatograph Ovens and Shelters Impacts Cost of Ownership - Michael
Gaura - When industry professionals scope out a new capital analyzer project,
they spend time and effort evaluating the equipment to be used. In the case of
gas chromatographs (GC), key capital expenses – the oven associated with the
GC and the shelter that houses it – may not be considered in the final
decision, often because managers do not realize they have a choice. In fact,
these decisions can have a huge impact on the cost of ownership of the analysis
equipment, with the potential to significantly reduce costs at initial
installation, in operation and maintenance and in the execution of change
orders.
The
Fundamentals Of Pipeline Gas Chromatographs - Shane Hale - Gas
chromatographs (GCs) are installed all over natural gas pipeline networks,
providing an analysis of the flowing gas and calculating the physical properties
used for the flow calculations and for custody transfer. However, a clear
understanding of just how the GC works and the considerations that need to be
made for the installation and operation of the GC are often lacking in the
industry. This article discusses the major components of the GC and provides an
understanding of the theory and practice of gas chromatography in the pipeline
industry.
Perfecting
Liquefied Natural Gas Analysis Techniques and Methods - S.Hale - Following
these procedures will improve measurement accuracy and reliability.
Continuous Emission Monitoring - In today's industrial world pollution, global warming and the need to protect the environment analysis of emissions is a critical tool. ICEwebs dedicated page on this subject contains links and technical information.
Accurate Liquid Phase Density on Aerated Liquid - Dan Gysling and Doug Loose - Density is one of the most widely used composition-based measurements in industrial process control. However, it is well recognized that the presence of small, but unknown levels of entrained gases can mask the density of the non-aerated component of a process mixture, resulting in an inaccurate determination of process fluid density - from Sonartrac
Gas Analysis - Coming Soon
6.11Principles
of Odorization - Paul Minier - A discussion of odorant, odorizers, and
odorization - Monitoring is accomplished with on line analyzers, such as,
titrators, analyzers, and chromatographs. Each type of instrument gives
real-time information of total sulphur, or in some cases, individual mercaptan
component levels. Several manufacturers use electrochemical sensors or cells
while others use GC columns for detection or lead acetate tape technology.
Regardless of the manufacturer, your technician must be trained on its
calibration and operation. Although these instruments do not meet the Title 49
192.625 for reporting, they can play an important part of your total Odorization
program. These instruments can give you real time information at the central
office and in some cases, correct the odorizer levels before an incident occurs.
Oxygen - ICEweb's dedicated page of technical information.
PH Measurement - ICEweb's comprehensive PH page which is full of technical information on this subject.
Humidity Measurement -ICEweb's Humidity page is a great resource for a swag of information.
Sample Systems - A representative sample is critical to achieve a correct analysis result. ICEweb's Sample Systems page has a wealth of information to help achieve this.
Determination of Specific Gravity of Gases: Fundamentals and Instruments - Faruk Civan - Specific gravity is one of the basic properties used for characterisation and measurement of gases. Instruments used for determining specific gravity are called gravitometers. There are also methods by which specific gravity can be determined indirectly. Accurate determination of specific gravity is essential for accurate measurement of gas flow rate - from CEESI
The following application
sheets and technical papers are from Applied Analytics Inc.
Incoming
Materials Validation by UV/VIS/SWNIR Absorbance; An On-line Recognition Method
- Yoav Barshad and Yael S. Barshad - In the fine chemicals and the
pharmaceutical industry, validating the contents of incoming materials is
critical. To maintain high efficiency it is beneficial to utilize continuous
online techniques. Since many of the incoming chemicals show unique UV/VIS or
NIR absorbance spectra, it was the analytical technique of preference. In order
to handle a variety of incoming substances a recognition method to differentiate
between the “correct” substance and all other possible streams was
developed. The recognition method uses a pattern recognition algorithm to give
the similarity/differences between two spectra in terms of a single number. An
example of such an application will be described. A diode array process UV/VIS/SWNIR
(short wave near infrared) spectrophotometer was employed to differentiate
between a stream of mixed xylenes and other process streams. It was shown that
there are significant variations in spectral features between the xylenes and
the other samples. A recognition factor was defined and used to demonstrate the
effectiveness of the method. A user defined threshold value for the recognition
factor was used for a continuous and automatic identification of the process
stream.
Diode
Array Process Analyser for Sulphur - Aaron J Rollo - this paper reviews the
utilisation of spectroscopy with diode arrays, a time tested, industry accepted
technology for sulphur recovery applications. One analyser with different
sampling systems can be used for a variety of applications. Common applications
include Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), Tail Gas, Natural Gas and Mercaptans.
Clean
in Place-Monitoring Trace Impurities in a Reaction Chamber - Validation of
cleaning procedures are of utmost importance to the pharmaceutical, food, and
specialty chemicals industries. The following application is an example of how
an industrial spectrophotometer could be applied to the development, validation,
and control of a Clean In Place (CIP) process - from A
Spectrum
Analysis of a Tail gas Stream - This application sheet details how the
analyser measures a complete spectrum of the process and analyse the data via a
calibration method to give very accurate and reliable concentration readings. In
addition Standard gases can be introduced at any time to test the accuracy and
reproducibility of the analyser. In the continuous operation the complete
spectrum is display, this allows the operator to check the system and the
validity of the actual reading - As oppose to filter based units where the
operator has no access to the actual detection only to the final numbers. The
tail gas stream , depending on the source, contain various amounts of sulphur.
The measurements are being performed in situ while the sulphur is reduced
significantly by this ‘cold-finger’ probe, no coating or plugging usually
associated with sulphur streams are seen - from Applied Analytics Inc.
Purity
Levels by a UV Transmittance Method (MEG and Acetonitrile) - This application
sheet details analysis of purity levels for Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) which is
a raw material in fibre production. The quality of the fibres is highly
dependent on the MEG purity level. Currently most MEG manufacturers use off-line
methods for MEG quality control, where a sample is withdrawn from the process
stream for laboratory analysis several times a day. The same measurement can be
performed online utilising an industrial spectrophotometer.
More Applications for Spectrophotometers can be found here.
Viscosity- Coming Soon
Analytical Instrumentation - Robert E. Sherman - In this book on process analytical technology, you will find theory and a lot of real-world, hands-on practical knowledge from authors who have more than 20 years of experience, either applying analyzers in process plants, or for process manufacturers. This volume chronicles over 50 years of process analyzer development, from its origins in the research laboratory at Ludwigshafen in the late 1930’s to a dynamic worldwide technology in the early 1990’s. Included are drawings of sample systems that work, and comments on ones that don’t work. In addition, justifications and organization guidelines on process analyzer systems are represented.
