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Analytical Instrumentation

Analytical Instrumentation General

A new application guide entitled Liquid Analysis for Metals Extraction and Processing is available from our sponsor Emerson Process Management. The guide outlines liquid analytical solutions for leaching and ore extraction, concentration and separation, finished product purification and waste disposal as well as approaches to network management for metals processing plants. The new guide literally walks the user through the major extraction and processing methodologies and techniques such as cyanide extraction, flotation, phase difference, steel treatment and much more.

Control Global have an excellent Process Analyser Systems page which provide an excellent Guide to several Process Analyzer Technology (PAT) System reference articles. These include;
- Process Analyzer Resources
- When is it Time to Retire your PAT System?
- PAT System Reliability
- What keeps Process Analyzer Engineers up at Night?
- Process Analyzer Reliability, Maintenance & Service
- Process Analyzer System Safety and Ergonomics Part II
- Process Analyzer System Safety and Ergonomics Part I
- More About Cost Estimating Process Analyzer Projects
- Cost Estimating for Process Analyzer Projects
- Project Roadmaps Get You There
- Accurately Scoping Process Analyzer Projects
- How to Launch an Analyzer System Lifecycle Reliability Program


Analyser Housings and Rooms - Coming Soon 


BTX and Total Aromatics

BTX and Total Aromatics by UV Absorbance -  Manufacturers are required to verify that household solvents do not contain aromatics above the hazardous carcinogenic levels. Hydrogenation processes in which an aromatic compound reacts with hydrogen over a metal catalyst are commonly used to purify solvents of trace amounts of aromatics. To maximize product yield, several parameters are optimized based on instantaneous indication of the total aromatics, a measurement that is also essential for verification of product purity - from Applied Analytics Inc.


Analyser Calibration Gases

Ensuring an Accurate Result in an Analytical Instrumentation System - Doug Nordstrom and Tony Waters - In many analytical instrumentation systems, the analyser does not provide an absolute measurement. Rather, it provides a relative response based on settings established during calibration, which is a critical process subject to significant error. To calibrate an analyser, a calibration fluid of known contents and quantities is passed through the analyser, producing measurements of component concentration. If these measurements are not consistent with the known quantities in the calibration fluid, the analyser is adjusted accordingly. Later, when process samples are analysed, the accuracy of the analyser’s reading will depend on the accuracy of the calibration process. It is therefore, imperative, that we understand how error or contamination can be introduced through calibration; when calibration can — and cannot — address a perceived performance issue with the analyser; how atmospheric pressure or temperature fluctuations can undo the work of calibration; and when and when not to calibrate - thanks to Swagelok and www.pacetoday.com.au 

Thanks to Matheson Tri-Gas for the following
Calibration Standard Gases Are Key to Reliable Measurements -Ronald C Geib
Gas Data Book
Effects of Toxic Exposure to Gases
Safe Handling of Compressed Gases
Conversion Tables
Materials Compatibility Guide
Threshold Limit Values
Lower and Upper Explosive Limits
Glossary of Terms
Specialty Gases and Equipment
Semiconductor Gases and Equipment
Purification
Microcontamination and Live Gas Testing
Trace Analysis

4.11 LPG, LNG and Other Liquid Hydrocarbon Standard Mixtures - Sometimes getting a standard sample can be hard this may be the answer - NPL can produce LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), LNG (liquefied natural gas) and other liquid hydrocarbon standards in two forms of vessel technology: constant pressure (piston) cylinders or dual-port valve dip-tube cylinders.


Chromatograph 

HOKE Gyrolok® Chromatography Fittings - HOKE Gyrolok® tube fittings for use in gas or liquid chromatography applications and feature low dead volumes, male nut designs, as well as configurations utilising either press-fit or drop-in frits

The following papers are from - from Emerson Process Management.

10.11 Optimizing the Operation of Legacy Online Gas Chromatographs by Retrofitting Controllers - Gas chromatographs (GCs) are frequently used in pipelines for custody transfer measurement of the energy content in natural gas. Accuracy is determined by calibration-gas quality and how well the technician is able to diagnose and troubleshoot the operation of the GC over long periods of time. A general trend in industry away from specialization has made it difficult for technicians to reach a high competency level in any one area. Chromatography is a difficult field to master on a part-time basis. Advanced software tools are available to assist and train the technician in how to look beyond the basic functions and fully optimize GC operations. Training is enhanced and accuracy can be improved substantially on legacy-model gas chromatographs. Properly utilized, the potential exists to improve accuracy and extend equipment life.

10.11 Energy Measurement using Ultrasonic Flow Measurement and Chromatography - Gas volume and energy metering stations using gas chromatography and ultrasonic metering are becoming a mainstream field operation and a new challenge to metering personnel. They are easy to adapt to while adding a new dimension of value to the field professional. Technicians will invariably be the link to the success of any changing technology that would survive and thrive in the real pipeline environment. Meter stations must be maintainable and provable. The system and requirements will be examined from that perspective 

10.11 BTU Analysis Using a Gas Chromatograph - This paper describes the basics of how a BTU analyzer works. In a typical natural gas application the gas is separated into eleven different components. Hexanes and heavier components such as heptane, octane, and nonane are combined together to form a single peak known as C6+. Because we separate up to these components, we call this a C6+ application.

10.11Enhanced Performance of an Integrated Gas Chromatograph for Online Gas Analysis - The physical properties of the gas, the composition of the gas during upset, and the operation of the gas in hazardous locations can affect the analytical method development and the hardware design. The gas chromatograph must be compatible with the physical properties (e.g., the physical state) of the sample. The sample must be introduced to the gas chromatograph as a single phase. Since on-line gas chromatographs are installed at the pipeline to analyse sample continuously, the system must be designed for fast analyses and low maintenance.

  50 years: Online Gas Chromatograph - Stephen M Bostic & Dr Jerry M Clemons - The most prolific and flexible online analytical measurement device for analysing discrete hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) is the process gas chromatograph (GC). It is estimated that there are more than 30,000 process gas chromatographs installed worldwide- This article takes a look at the past, present and a glimpse of the future of the online process gas chromatograph. Thanks to ABB and PACE. 

1.12 The following papers are from Daniel 
Analysis of Pipeline-Quality Gas using a C9: Application (Five-Minute Analysis) - On-line chromatographs provide custody-transfer measurement of energy content in natural gas. To determine this heating value component, first we must determine component concentrations. In a standard C6+ application, this analysis is performed using two valves in a single oven (12-minute analysis time) or three valves in a single oven (four-minute analysis time). To perform this analysis to C9+, five valves are used in two different ovens (five-minute analysis time). The results from both detectors are combined in post-analysis calculations and reported together.
Analysis of Pipeline-Quality Gas using a C6+ with Trace H2S Application -Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a component that is often present in natural gas. There are many reasons for wanting to measure it. One of the most important reasons is that H2S is a highly toxic gas that can be deadly if breathed into the lungs. This gas is also corrosive to the pipeline. H2S mixed with H2O forms hydrosulfuric acid, which can cause pipeline metals to become brittle. Contractual obligation may require scrubbing or limiting of the H2S in natural gas before it is sold. Each pipeline company has its own acceptable limits of how much H2S can be present.

1.12 The Following are from Emerson Process Management
Choice of Gas Chromatograph Ovens and Shelters Impacts Cost of Ownership - Michael Gaura - When industry professionals scope out a new capital analyzer project, they spend time and effort evaluating the equipment to be used. In the case of gas chromatographs (GC), key capital expenses – the oven associated with the GC and the shelter that houses it – may not be considered in the final decision, often because managers do not realize they have a choice. In fact, these decisions can have a huge impact on the cost of ownership of the analysis equipment, with the potential to significantly reduce costs at initial installation, in operation and maintenance and in the execution of change orders.
The Fundamentals Of Pipeline Gas Chromatographs - Shane Hale - Gas chromatographs (GCs) are installed all over natural gas pipeline networks, providing an analysis of the flowing gas and calculating the physical properties used for the flow calculations and for custody transfer. However, a clear understanding of just how the GC works and the considerations that need to be made for the installation and operation of the GC are often lacking in the industry. This article discusses the major components of the GC and provides an understanding of the theory and practice of gas chromatography in the pipeline industry.
Perfecting Liquefied Natural Gas Analysis Techniques and Methods - S.Hale - Following these procedures will improve measurement accuracy and reliability.


Continuous Emission Monitoring

Continuous Emission Monitoring - In today's industrial world pollution, global warming and the need to protect the environment analysis of emissions is a critical tool.  ICEwebs dedicated page on this subject contains links and technical information.


Density Analysis

Accurate Liquid Phase Density on Aerated Liquid - Dan Gysling and Doug Loose - Density is one of the most widely used composition-based measurements in industrial process control. However, it is well recognized that the presence of small, but unknown levels of entrained gases can mask the density of the non-aerated component of a process mixture, resulting in an inaccurate determination of process fluid density - from Sonartrac


Gas Analysis - Coming Soon


Odorization Analysis

6.11Principles of Odorization - Paul Minier - A discussion of odorant, odorizers, and odorization -  Monitoring is accomplished with on line analyzers, such as, titrators, analyzers, and chromatographs. Each type of instrument gives real-time information of total sulphur, or in some cases, individual mercaptan component levels. Several manufacturers use electrochemical sensors or cells while others use GC columns for detection or lead acetate tape technology. Regardless of the manufacturer, your technician must be trained on its calibration and operation. Although these instruments do not meet the Title 49 192.625 for reporting, they can play an important part of your total Odorization program. These instruments can give you real time information at the central office and in some cases, correct the odorizer levels before an incident occurs.


Oxygen Analysis

Oxygen - ICEweb's dedicated page of technical information.


PH Analysis

PH Measurement - ICEweb's comprehensive PH page which is full of technical information on this subject.


Humidity Measurement

Humidity Measurement -ICEweb's Humidity page is a great resource for a swag of information.


Oil in Water Analysis

Oil in Water Analysers


Process Analyser Sample Systems

Sample Systems - A representative sample is critical to achieve a correct analysis result. ICEweb's Sample Systems page has a wealth of information to help achieve this.


Specific Gravity

Determination of Specific Gravity of Gases: Fundamentals and Instruments - Faruk Civan - Specific gravity is one of the basic properties used for characterisation and measurement of gases. Instruments used for determining specific gravity are called gravitometers. There are also methods by which specific gravity can be determined indirectly. Accurate determination of specific gravity is essential for accurate measurement of gas flow rate - from CEESI


Spectrophotometer

The following application sheets and technical papers are from Applied Analytics Inc.
Incoming Materials Validation by UV/VIS/SWNIR Absorbance; An On-line Recognition Method - Yoav Barshad and Yael S. Barshad - In the fine chemicals and the pharmaceutical industry, validating the contents of incoming materials is critical. To maintain high efficiency it is beneficial to utilize continuous online techniques. Since many of the incoming chemicals show unique UV/VIS or NIR absorbance spectra, it was the analytical technique of preference. In order to handle a variety of incoming substances a recognition method to differentiate between the “correct” substance and all other possible streams was developed. The recognition method uses a pattern recognition algorithm to give the similarity/differences between two spectra in terms of a single number. An example of such an application will be described. A diode array process UV/VIS/SWNIR (short wave near infrared) spectrophotometer was employed to differentiate between a stream of mixed xylenes and other process streams. It was shown that there are significant variations in spectral features between the xylenes and the other samples. A recognition factor was defined and used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. A user defined threshold value for the recognition factor was used for a continuous and automatic identification of the process stream.
Diode Array Process Analyser for Sulphur - Aaron J Rollo - this paper reviews the utilisation of spectroscopy with diode arrays, a time tested, industry accepted technology for sulphur recovery applications. One analyser with different sampling systems can be used for a variety of applications. Common applications include Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), Tail Gas, Natural Gas and Mercaptans.
Clean in Place-Monitoring Trace Impurities in a Reaction Chamber - Validation of cleaning procedures are of utmost importance to the pharmaceutical, food, and specialty chemicals industries. The following application is an example of how an industrial spectrophotometer could be applied to the development, validation, and control of a Clean In Place (CIP) process - from A
Spectrum Analysis of a Tail gas Stream - This application sheet details how the analyser measures a complete spectrum of the process and analyse the data via a calibration method to give very accurate and reliable concentration readings. In addition Standard gases can be introduced at any time to test the accuracy and reproducibility of the analyser. In the continuous operation the complete spectrum is display, this allows the operator to check the system and the validity of the actual reading - As oppose to filter based units where the operator has no access to the actual detection only to the final numbers. The tail gas stream , depending on the source, contain various amounts of sulphur. The measurements are being performed in situ while the sulphur is reduced significantly by this ‘cold-finger’ probe, no coating or plugging usually associated with sulphur streams are seen - from Applied Analytics Inc.
Purity Levels by a UV Transmittance Method (MEG and Acetonitrile) - This application sheet details analysis of purity levels for Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) which is a raw material in fibre production. The quality of the fibres is highly dependent on the MEG purity level. Currently most MEG manufacturers use off-line methods for MEG quality control, where a sample is withdrawn from the process stream for laboratory analysis several times a day. The same measurement can be performed online utilising an industrial spectrophotometer. 

More Applications for Spectrophotometers can be found here.


Viscosity- Coming Soon


Useful Analytical Instrumentation Books

Analytical Instrumentation - Robert E. Sherman -  In this book on process analytical technology, you will find theory and a lot of real-world, hands-on practical knowledge from authors who have more than 20 years of experience, either applying analyzers in process plants, or for process manufacturers. This volume chronicles over 50 years of process analyzer development, from its origins in the research laboratory at Ludwigshafen in the late 1930’s to a dynamic worldwide technology in the early 1990’s. Included are drawings of sample systems that work, and comments on ones that don’t work. In addition, justifications and organization guidelines on process analyzer systems are represented.

 

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