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Orifice Plates
Conditioning
Orifice Plate Technology; Taking the Standard to a New Level of Capability -
A very interesting article from Emerson Process Management which
highlights the advantages of this innovative design which enables multiple
benefits without compromising performance.
The Following information from the CEESI
technical library whilst being old covers many fundamentals very well.
Operation
And Maintenance Of Orifice Meters -T.
Dean Graves - The title of this paper may mislead the reader to think the
purpose is to simply discuss the mechanics of operating orifice recorders.
Proper maintenance and operations of the orifice meter is much more
encompassing when one realizes the complete aspect and importance of gas
measurement with the orifice meter station.
Micrometer
Measurement Of Orifice Meter Tubes -
Ramon Menchaca - The
natural gas transmission industry is periodically required to adapt to new or
updated techniques of gas measurement. This Is due In part to changes made to
existing Industry standards which must also be updated to incorporate new
research data. The
paper discusses the design, tolerances and
meter tube inspection procedures and requirements.
Orifice
Fittings And Meter Tubes - Kenneth E. Embry - The
most widely accepted means of measurement of natural gas and other fluids is the
Orifice Meter. The primary elements of the orifice meter include the orifice
plate, orifice fittings or flanges, adjacent piping and flow conditioner or
straightening vanes which make up the Meter Tube.
Effects
Of Abnormal Conditions Of Orifice Meters -
Zaki D. Husain - The
orifice meter has been a standard in the gas industry for years. With proper
operation and maintenance, the orifice meter has proven to be an accurate method
to measure natural gas. The orifice meter is one of the most basic devices ever
invented for measurement However, it also has associated problems as a result of
its simplicity. With the increasing demand and prices of natural gas minimizing
error in measurement has become essential.
Theoretical
Uncertainty Of Orifice Flow Measurement
- Zaki D. Husain - Orifice
meters are the most common meters used for hydrocarbon flow measurement. This
paper discusses different factors that contribute to the measurement inaccuracy
and provide an awareness to minimize or eliminate these errors. Different
standards on orifice flowmeters and measurement uncertainties are referenced.
Effects
of Abnormal Conditions on the Accuracy of Orifice Measurement -
Bill Johansen - The
effects of abnormal conditions on orifice plate based flow measurement is a
broad topic. The research on abnormal effects has typically focused on issues
such as the effects of bent plates, plate eccentricity, dulled orifice bore
leading edge, the presence of water and liquified hydrocarbons, and many other
conditions found in pipeline orifice meters. This paper discusses potential
problems in four areas of orifice based flow measurement: calculation of
discharge coefficients, calculation of expansion factors, flow conditioning, and
gas sampling.
Effects
of Entrained Liquid on Orifice Measurement
- Bill
Johansen - Natural gas often has some liquid
content. The liquid may be water, hydrocarbons, or compressor oil. As this gas
flows through an orifice meter is the gas being measured correctly? This paper
discusses four test programs that were conducted to examine the effects of
entrained liquids on orifice meter performance.
The
Effects of Oil Coating on the Measurement of Gas Flow Using Sharp Edged Orifice
Flowmeters - Bill
Johansen and Tom Kegel - Orifice plates are
known to be sensitive to a variety of effects due to dimensional variations and
flowing fluid conditions. A number of studies have been performed to determine
the specific effects of water entrainment and two phase flow on orifices, but
the results were not well documented and were limited in scope. This paper
describes an investigation funded by the Gas Research Institute (GRI) to
determine the effects of a coating of compressor oil on the flowmetering
performance of orifice plates. A viscous oil is used to coat only the plate or
both the plate and upstream piping. The effect of this coating on orifices
having different diameter ratios (B) in several different line sizes is
evaluated by statistically comparing the discharge coefficient for the wetted
orifice to the discharge coefficient when dry.
Effect
of Liquid Entrainment on the Accuracy of Orifice Meters for Gas Flow Measurement -
V.C. Ting and G. P. Corpron - This
paper presents the results of a study to show that a small amount of liquid
entrainment in an orifice meter can affect the accuracy of gas flow measurement.
The
Orifice Expansion Correction for a 50 mm Line Size at Various Diameter Ratios -
Walt Seidl - The expansion
coeffiecient or factor for a compressible flowmeter corrects for the change in
pressure and density as the fluid is accelerated through the flowmeter. This
paper describes the results of a test program to determine the expansion factors
for flange-tapped sharp-edged orifices with diameter ratios between 0.242 and
0.726 in a nominal 50 mm (2 inch) line.
Effects
of Abnormal Conditions on the Accuracy of Orifice Measurements -
Steve Caldwell - The orifice meter
is one of the most widely utilized measurement devices and is one of he oldest,
next to the bucket. The orifice meter is one of the most basic devices ever
invented for measurement and has many advantages because of its simplicity and
also has many associated problems as a result of its simplicity.
Effects
of Abnormal Conditions on the Accuracy of Orifice Measurements -
Taft Snowdon -The
orifice meter remains the foremost measurement device used on the industry for
hydrocarbon flow. The primary element of the orifice meter is the orifice plate
and orifice meter tube consisting of the orifice fitting, or flanged pressure
taps, adjacent piping and the flow conditioner or straightening vanes. The
complete system also includes the temperature and pressure measuring devices
used often called the secondary element and the pressure lines from the taps to
the pressure instruments. The American National Standard Institute/American
Petroleum Institute Standard 2530 (ANSI/API 2530) also called the AGA-3,
provides specific recommendations for the manufacture, inspection and
installation of an orifice meter. In order to ensure accuracy, with minimum
uncertainty, these guidelines and inspection procedure should be established by
taking relatively fundamental measurements of the primary element components.
New
Data for the Quadrant Edged Orifice - Charles
Britton and Steve Stark - New experimental data is presented for both
quadrant-edge and sharp-edge orifice plates used in low Reynolds number
applications.
Effects
of Abnormal Conditions on the Accuracy of Orifice Measurements -
Steve Caldwell