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Basics of Temperature Measurement
About
Temperature
This is an excellent article giving the basics about
temperature- Thanks to the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research.
8.10
Temperature
Measurement and Calibration: what every Instrument Technician should know -
Temperature may be the most commonly measured physical parameter. Yet there have
never been so many ways to measure it as there are today. With so many options
it’s natural to have a few questions. How do I measure temperature? How
accurate is my measurement? What temperature range is required? What type of
device best measures temperature? These are very common questions when
confronted with the need to measure temperature. A variety of measurement
devices may be used for temperature: liquid in glass thermometers (LIG),
thermocouples (TCs), thermistors, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs),
platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs) and standard platinum resistance
thermometers (SPRTs) - Thanks to Fluke and www.processonline.com.au
Challenges of Temperature Sensing - Measuring each of the "big four" process variables has its specific peculiarities, but temperature seems particularly controversial. In fact, this apparently simple task often gets complicated. This tutorial explains why- from Control Engineering Magazine and Moore Industries-Pacific, Inc.
Trends in Process Temperature Measurement -An Evolving Technology Segment Changes Focus to Meet End-User Needs - Mike Cushing - This article also covers the basics about resistance thermometers, thermocouples and the use of temperature transmitters - from www.flowcontrolnetwork.com
Temperature Conversion
Tool
A
useful degree C/F/Kelvin conversion tool - from Raytek
The Majority of the following links are compliments of http://www.temperatures.com , this website is excellent and provides comprehensive technical information on all temperature related instrumentation. ICEweb congratulates temperatures.com on the development of such a great resource.
Bi-Metallic Thermometer
The principle behind a bimetallic strip thermometer
relies on the fact that different metals expand at different rates as they warm
up.
Bimetallic
Thermometers and Thermostats
Emissivity
Emissivity
- Emissivity: a mystery to some? But not to all! You can't
live with it. You can't live without it - Emissivity is linked to Infrared
Radiation Thermometry (or, if you prefer, pyrometry) . It's a mystery to many
people, however, even to some who sell non-contact temperature sensors and
thermal imagers.mPart of the mystery of emissivity is its spelling, it gets
mangled more often than consistant; emmissivity, emistivity, emystery and
emisomething are just a few. Seriously, it is the often misunderstood parameter
that is always associated with IR temperature measurement and radiation heat
transfer ("consistent" is the correct spelling, BTW and emissivity has
always had only one 'm'). Heat transfer people have no problems with their
emissivities. Are they better educated than some of the users of IR
thermometers?
Mercury in Steel
Mercury
in Steel Basic principals from the Glossary of
Meteorology
Standards
Standards for Liquid in
Glass Thermometers - Glass thermometers are among the
oldest and still the most widely type of thermometer used in laboratory work and
in households to determine fever temperature in humans.The first standard issued
by ASTM on thermometery was standard E1.
Selecting a Temperature Sensor
8.10
Choosing
the Right Temperature Sensor - Mick Carolan - Temperature
sensors are an effective way to measure temperature, but which should you use,
and for which application? Thanks to www.pacetoday.com.au
Selecting a Temperature Sensor - Choosing a temperature sensor can often be very straightforward, sometimes tricky, but always worth doing well. That's because these sensors, especially in science and engineering uses, can spell the difference between repeatable results and nonsense numbers. The name of the game in measurement is to measure with an amount of inaccuracy or uncertainty that is acceptable. So, the first thing you need to know is how well you need to know the value of the temperature numbers you expect to get. A simple series of questions, when answered, will usually get you started.
How To Select And Use The Right Temperature Sensor - Ron Desmarais - This paper answers the question "How do I determine which sensor to use in my application?” After a brief review of how RTD’s and thermocouples are constructed and used to measure temperature, it discusses what differentiates these sensors from one another. It covers the topics of temperature range, tolerance, accuracy, interchangeability and relative strengths and weaknesses for each type. After reviewing these topics you will have a better understanding as to when each type of sensor should be used and why. From Pyromation, Inc.
Selecting a Temperature Transmitter
Choosing
a Temperature Transmitter
-From Moore Industries International - While there are many
practical and economic advantages to using temperature transmitters, the most
basic are to ensure measurement integrity and to convert a temperature
sensor’s low-level (ohm or millivolt) signal to a standard 4 to 20 mA current
signal that can be readily accepted by a monitoring and control system.
Advancing technology has made the use of temperature transmitters affordable
even in cost-sensitive applications. Here are few things to consider when
choosing one. Thanks to Process
Heating Magazine
Temperature Sensor Types
Sensor Types - Big
differences exist between different temperature sensor or temperature
measurement device types. Using one perspective, they can be simply classified
into two groups, contact and non-contact. The two links in this article take you
to descriptive pages on each type with a breakdown by more specific, detailed
types.
Temperature Sensor Uses, Measurements or Applications
Temperature Sensor
Uses, Measurements or Applications - Measurements are
where temperature sensors meet the "real world" where results prove
that one understands their properties and has selected a sensor well
enough to do the job within the desired measurement uncertainty. This link is
where the real fun begins for anyone trying to make a serious temperature or
dewpoint measurement. It highlights web sources for this information.
Resistance Thermometers
Resistance
Thermometers - What are RTD's? -Resistance
Temperature Detectors or RTDs for short, are wire wound and thin film devices
that measure temperature because of the physical principle of the positive
temperature coefficient of electrical resistance of metals. The hotter they
become, the larger or higher the value of their electrical resistance.
Resistance
Tables - Thanks to Emerson Process Management
All
you want to know about Resistance Thermometers - A 53
page document from Eurotherm
Standard
Platinum Resistance Thermometers - Frequently Asked Questions - From
ISOTECH
Radiation/IR Thermometers/Pyrometers (Non
Contact Temperature Measurement)
Questions
and Answers on Infrared Thermometers - A useful technical
information sheet from our sponsor Zedflo
Australia
Radiation/IR Thermometers/Pyrometers
Infrared
Thermometers - from Omega.com
Principles of Non-Contact Temperature Measurement
- This manual focuses on the practical operations of non contact
temperature measurement devices and IR thermometry, and answers important
questions that may arise - from Raytek
Emissivity
- This is the measure of an object's ability to emit infrared
energy. Emitted energy indicates the temperature of the object. Emissivity
can have a value from 0 (shiny mirror) to 1.0 (blackbody), this technical
article provides further information on this including emissivity tables for
metals and non metals - from Raytek
Thermocouples
Thermocouple
Millivolt Tables - Thanks to Emerson Process Management
Thermocouple -
A good introduction from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Thermocouples
All
you want to know about Thermocouples - A 53 page document
from Eurotherm
Thermocouple
Tables
Thermocouple
Theory and Practice -
W. Dhavepatana Co., Ltd, a neat site this one.
Thermocouple
Compensating Cables- See Pages 7 to 9 of this comprehensive document from
Eurotherm
Thermocouple
Extension Cable Tables - Data and colours from Raychem Thermocouple
Wire- Some of the questions answered by Omega
Traps
and Colour Confusion in Thermocouple Wiring - A
useful reference from Arthur Holland and Eurotherm
Thermocouples
- Greg Passler answers the following
questions: What is a thermocouple and how does it work?
Why do we use thermocouples? What
is thermocouple extension cable? From Shawflex
Taking
Thermocouple Temperature Measurements- From NI
Instruments
The
Care and Feeding of Thermocouples
- Richard D.
Smith, P.E - This is a absolutely superb paper.
Thermistors
Thermistors
Thermistor Resistance Table - from Minco
Thermometers
Liquid in Glass
Thermometers
Thermal Imagery
Thermal
Imagery
Thermowells
What
is a thermowell? From-Trerice
About
Thermowells -A super page from Temperatures.com
covering most aspects including the one most forgotten related to velocity constraints.
Thermowell
Wakes, Vortices, Vibrations & More- Another top rate
page from Temperatures.com covering most aspects
Introduction
to Thermowells - From Newport
Thermowell
Materials Selection Guide - From Azom.com
Temperature Scales and Conversions
Temperature
Scales and Conversions
Calculate
temperature and millivolt tables for Thermocouples based on NIST Monograph 175
- From MINCO
Calculate
temperature and resistance tables for Minco's RTD Elements -
From MINCO
Temperature Regulators
12.08
Temperature
Regulators - The characteristic feature of self-operated
temperature regulators is their compact design, including a sensor, a valve and
a capillary tube. Their simple operating principle is based on fundamental
mechanical, physical and thermodynamic laws. Thanks to our
valued sponsor Samson
Controls.
Temperature Sensor Calibration Resources
Temperature Sensor
Calibration Resources