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Test and Calibration Instrumentation

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Low Pressure Calibrations - When you're performing a low pressure calibration, there are some things you can do to make the job easier and better (more accurate) - From Martel Matters Newsletter.

Temperature Calibrations (Thermocouple Edition) -There are a few "gotchas" in temperature calibration when we're talking about T/Cs and RTDs. Each has its own problems, This article will focus on calibration of T/C instrumentation - From Martel Matters Newsletter.

Other Links

Flow and Level Calibration Notes-Thanks to INX Inc - These notes whilst being a little dated are still very useful.

Pressure & temperature calibration notes- Thanks to INX Inc- These notes whilst being a little dated are still very useful.

Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results- Barry N. Taylor and Chris E. Kuyatt - This is NIST Technical Note 1297 as it was published.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Process Instrument And Control Checklist - This is a very useful checklist which is designed to facilitate the performance evaluation of process instrumentation and control systems used to operate and monitor treatment processes and equipment.

To calibrate or not to calibrate? - From the UK's National Measurement Laboratory - Covers; What is calibration, How frequently an instrument should be calibrated, Do all measuring instruments need to be calibrated and level of and routes to calibration.

What is the difference between calibration and adjustment?- From the UK's National Measurement Laboratory

Instrument Calibration- Glenn Carlson, Technical Support, In-Situ Inc (www.in-situ.com) - Users frequently want to know how often they need to calibrate their In- Situ instrument. The most accurate answer to that question is “it depends”.  This article addresses this.

Some Notes on Device Calibration -From the University of Dublin - A comprehensive albeit a bit academic note.

On site flow calibration is painful but necessary- by David W. Spitzer -thanks to ControlGlobal.com .Some new product introductions have raised doubt about what in-situ calibration for flowmeters is, and whether it can be duplicated with simulators and calibrators with expanded diagnostics

Calibration Primer - From Omega.com - The most sophisticated industrial equipment will not be very useful unless it is calibrated. Through calibration, adjustments made to a piece of equipment ensure that it performs as expected—that it can be relied on to deliver predictable, accurate results that meet quality standards. This white paper from Omega Engineering explains what calibration is, why it is important, and how it works. NIST traceability is defined and discussed, and there is a step-by-step description of a basic calibration. This paper also discusses in-house vs. laboratorycalibration, and it describes major types of calibration devices.

Calibrating and Testing Control Components on your Heat Process - What, When and How Should I Calibrate? - Arthur Holland, Holland Technical Skills - an excellent explanation on the basics of calibration 

The Following Papers are from BEAMEX

 Automated calibration planning lowers costs - Calibration is an essential element of any instrumentation maintenance program. However, sometimes calibration operations can be long and time-consuming. By planning the process and adding the right tools, efficiency can be improved and costs lowered substantially. 
Calibrating Fieldbus Transmitters - Fieldbus is becoming more and more common in today’s instrumentation. But what is fieldbus and how does it differ from conventional instrumentation? Fieldbus transmitters must be calibrated as well, but how can it be done? Until now, no practical solutions have existed for calibrating fieldbus transmitters. 
How often should calibrators be calibrated? - This article discusses some of the things to be considered when specifying the calibration period and provides some general guidelines. The same guidelines that apply to a calibrator also apply to other measuring equipment in the traceability chain. These guidelines can even be used for process instrumentation.
How often should instruments be calibrated? - Plants can improve their efficiency and reduce costs by performing calibration history trend analysis. By doing it, a plant is able to define which instruments can be calibrated less frequently and which should be calibrated more frequently. Calibration history trend analysis is only possible with calibration software that provides this functionality.
Traceable and efficient calibrations in the process industry - Today’s modern process plants, production processes and quality systems, put new and tight requirements on the accuracy of process instruments and on process control. Quality systems, such as the ISO9000 and ISO14000 series of quality standards, call for systematic and well documented calibrations, with regard to accuracy, repeatability, uncertainty, confidence levels etc.
The Safest Way to Calibrate - An introduction to intrinsically safe calibrators - There are industrial environments where calibrations should not only be made accurately and efficiently, but also safely. When safety becomes a top priority issue in calibration, intrinsically safe calibrators enter into the picture.

Many Technical calibration papers including the following can be found thanks to Fluke, you have to register but it is worth it.
A Poor Man's Resistance Bridge
A Preliminary Assessment of the Effectiveness of 5700A Artifact Calibration
A Traceability Technique for Complex Waveform Generators
A Wheatstone Bridge for the Computer Age
An Application of the Guide to Measurement Uncertainty 
An Assessment of Artifact Calibration Effectiveness for a Multifunction Calibrator 
Calibration Data Management: Meeting the Reporting Requirements of ISO/IEC FDIS 17025 Future Developments in Oscilloscope Calibration 
Maintenance and Calibration of HART Field Instrumentation 

Calibrating Non Destructive Testing Instruments - NDT Resource Centre- Calibration refers to the act of evaluating and adjusting the precision and accuracy of measurement equipment. In ultrasonic testing, several forms of calibration must occur. First, the electronics of the equipment must be calibrated to ensure that they are performing as designed. This operation is usually performed by the equipment manufacturer and will not be discussed further in this material. It is also usually necessary for the operator to perform a "user calibration" of the equipment. This user calibration is necessary because most ultrasonic equipment can be reconfigured for use in a large variety of applications.

A Guide to Low Resistance Measurement -  Note this is a large 3 MBits download. This handbook gives an overview of low resistance measurement techniques, explains common causes of errors and how to avoid them. We have also included useful tables of wire and cable characteristics, temperature coefficients and various formulas to ensure you make the best possible choice when selecting your measuring instrument and measurement technique - from Cropico. 

The following temperature calibration links are compliments of ISOtech
A review of some of the best articles written about water and its triple point - Details of articles on this subject.
Calibrating Thermometers -Dave Ayres and Anne Blundell - A thermometer without a traceable calibration route to recognised National Standards is fairly useless. Yet we all buy mass produced thermometers which are supplied without a calibration and use them. We all hope that the manufacturer has been conscientious and has at least carried out calibration checks on batch samples and has claimed a level of accuracy to the batch. But has the manufacturer used suitable standards for the calibration?
Calibrating Thermometers Spanish Language
Improved Sterilizer Tests - Dave Ayres and Dave Hill - Scottish Healthcare Supplies Sterilizer Test Group assessed various established methods of on-site temperature calibration and realised there might be shortcomings in commercially available "complete" systems. The guidelines require tests on sterilizer systems to be carried out within a system uncertainty of ±0.5°C but the assessment showed that in many cases "complete" systems could produce a system uncertainty of ±1.0° or worse. (Temperature monitoring in sterilizer systems is critical ensuring that microbiological viability is eliminated from the product).
Industrial Measurements with very Short Immersion - J. P. Tavener, D. Southworth, D. Ayres, N. Davies.- One major problem that keeps recurring is the request to calibrate, or in some other way to evaluate, very short industrial temperature sensor assemblies. These sensors are so short that the sensor does not attain the temperature of its surroundings. Two distinct methods are possible, in method one the assembly is immersed in a comparison bath sufficiently to eliminate the stem conduction effect, even if this method creates a different result than achieved in-situ. Method two attempts to simulate the application in practice and provide a similar stem conduction error as the assembly sees in practice.
Automating Temperature Calibration Baths with Simple Low Cost Image Acquisition - David J. Southworth - A low cost video camera, “Web Cam” is used in conjunction with a PC and Temperature Calibration Bath to automatically calibrate handheld digital thermometers which have no provision to be connected to an external computer.
Automating Temperature Calibration Baths with Simple Low Cost Image Acquisition Spanish Language
Stem Conduction And Light Piping in ITS-90 Fixed Point Cell Assemblies At A UKAS Laboratory - J. P. Tavener & A. Blundell - Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers (SPRTs) with length-below-handle of only 480mm are regularly submitted for calibration at ITS-90 fixed points from –200 °C to +660 °C. The length of the thermometer limits the maximum size of fixed point cell that can be used to calibrate the thermometers. Stem conduction effects have been measured at zinc and aluminium temperatures in resealable cells. These have been quantified and eliminated by adopting a cell design with a very small connection between cell and gas supply.
Slim Cells An International Comparison - J. Tavener - This paper presents the results of the original primary laboratory inter-comparisons and the more recent inter- comparisons of PTB. The results show that the slim cells and apparatus offer good agreement with Primary and National Standards.
Temperature Calibration; Depths of Immersion - John P. Tavener -Of all the sources of errors and uncertainties in thermal calibration by far the largest source of error and least understood effect is that of immersion of unit under test, and the reference standard.
Primary Laboratory Comparisons -  The most accurate measurements made in a Primary Temperature Laboratory are during intercomparisons of ITS-90 fixed point cells, and in particular inter-comparing water triple point cells. To assess the stability of the water triple point, a laboratory ideally needs to be able to measure differences of just one or two micro degrees.At the Northern Temperature Primary Laboratory (NTPL) we found the spread of results too large to give a satisfactory result. Consulting the literature, and in particular Tischler & Prado [3] we eventually developed a 3 current technique from which we were able to calculate the zero current resistance to within 1 or 2 micro degrees. This paper describes in detail our method.
Recommended Book- Traceable Temperatures - An Introduction to Temperature Measurement and Calibration - J.V. Nicholas and D.R. White, John Wiley + Sons, 2nd Edition Download Chapter One: Measurement and Traceability  Purchase from Amazon.co.uk